Txhua lub qhov (socket) weld yeeb nkab flangetawm hauv lub Hoobkas nrog ib qho tsis pom qhov tshwj xeeb uas cov kws ua haujlwm feem ntau yeej tsis ntsuas ntawm -site: 1.6 hli (1/16-inch) nthuav dav ntawm cov yeeb nkab kawg thiab lub qhov (socket) xub pwg. Tus naj npawb no - raug tso cai los ntawm ASME B31.1 para. 127.3 thiab ASME B31.3 para. 311.2.4 - yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev teeb tsa rau hom flange no. Tau txais nws txoj cai thiab qhov sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho cov kav dej. Tau txais nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm, lossis ua ke nrog cov khoom tsis raug hauv ib puag ncig corrosive, thiab koj tab tom saib kev qaug zog tawg, crevice corrosion, lossis kev kaw tsis tau teem sijhawm hauv lub hlis.
Cov lus qhia no tsis tsuas yog piav qhia tias lub qhov (socket) vuam yeeb nkab flange yog dab tsi - nws piav qhia txog engineering physics tom qab qhov sib txawv ntawm 1.6 hli, cov ntaub ntawv xaiv cov logic uas hloov cov kev paub tsis muaj zog rau hauv kev tswj hwm kev pheej hmoo, thiab cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb raws li hom flange no yog cov cuab yeej tsim nyog rau txoj haujlwm thiab thaum tsis yog. Tom qab nyeem ntawv, koj yuav muaj lub hauv paus xaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv tsis ua haujlwm uas ua rau feem ntau cov kav dej xau los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob.
Dab tsi yog qhov (socket Weld Pipe Flange) - Thiab Vim li cas qhov sib txawv tshwm sim
1.1 The Basic Mechanism
A qhov (socket) weld yeeb nkab flangeyog forged-steel disc nrog lub qhov (socket) counterbored ntawm nws cov yeeb nkab sab. Cov yeeb nkab yog muab tso rau hauv lub qhov (socket) no thiab ruaj ntseg los ntawm ib qho fillet weld nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hub sab nraud. Lub qhov (socket) lub xub pwg ob leeg ua haujlwm ib txhij: nws sau cov yeeb nkab mus rau qhov tseeb qhov tob tob, thiab - tom qab cov yeeb nkab yog txhob txwm thim rov qab 1.6 hli - nws tsim ib qho kev tswj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yeeb nkab kawg.
Qhov kev sib txawv ntawd tsis yog kev saib xyuas. Nws yog load-bearing engineering. Thaum ib qho kev sib txuas tau muab tso rau, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua rau cov yeeb nkab hauv zos kub rau 1400-1500 degree. Stainless hlau qib 316 muaj thermal expansion coefficient ntawm kwv yees li 16 × 10⁻⁶ m / m· degree. Rau cov yeeb nkab DN25 nrog qhov tob ntawm 100 hli, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 1200℃los ntawm ambient mus rau vuam pas dej ua rau axial expansion ntawm roughly 1.9 hli. Yog tsis muaj qhov sib txawv, cov yeeb nkab presses nyuaj rau lub qhov (socket) lub xub pwg nyom, lub weld cools nyob rau hauv constrained compressive load, thiab residual tensile stresses tseem xauv rau hauv kev sib koom tes. Txhua lub voj voog thermal txuas ntxiv ua rau qaug zog puas tsuaj los ntawm qhov pib mob.
1.2 Fatigue Strength - Qhov zoo tshaj 50%.
ASME B16.5 tsim cov ntaub ntawv muab lub qhov (socket) weld sib koom ua rau qaug zog 50% siab dua ob -welded slip- ntawm flange. Qhov txiaj ntsig no tshwm sim vim tias lub qhov (socket) txwv tsis pub cov yeeb nkab kawg radially, txo qhov kev khoov lub sijhawm xa mus rau hauv qhov vuam, thiab vim tias ib qho kev sib txuas sab nraud muaj qhov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua qhov zoo dua li cov ntiv taw sab hauv weld ntawm ib daim nplaum - ntawm flange. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txiaj ntsig no yog qhov xwm txheej: nws xav tias qhov sib txawv ntawm 1.6 hli yog khaws cia kom raug. Ib qho tsis sib haum xeeb tshem tawm qhov zoo dua thiab thim rov qab qhov sib piv.
Teeb meem Crevice Corrosion - Tus nqi zais zais
2.1 Vim li cas qhov Gap tsim Corrosion Risk
Tib qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv uas tiv thaiv kev qaug zog tawg ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv ib tug crevice geometry, oxygen tau noj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion sai dua li nws tuaj yeem rov ua dua los ntawm kev tawm ntawm cov kua dej ntau. Qhov tshwm sim yog lub zos depleted, acidified, thiab chloride-concentrated micro-ib puag ncig - classic electrochemical teeb rau crevice corrosion. Qhov no yog vim li cas ASME B31.3 para. 311.2.4 txwv tsis pub lub qhov (socket) weld pob qij txha hauv cov kev pabcuam uas ua rau muaj kev xeb lossis qhov chaw tawg ntawm cov kua yuav nrawm
2.2 Kev Xaiv Cov Khoom Siv raws li Kev Txom Nyem Tseem Ceeb
Crevice corrosion tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm lub qhov (socket) weld geometry, tab sis nws tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv. Qhov tseem ceeb parameter yog Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), txhais tau tias: PREN=%Cr + 3.3×%Mo + 16×%N. Ntau dua PREN qhov tseem ceeb qhia tau hais tias muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua rau hauv cheeb tsam corrosion.
|
Khoom Qib |
PREN (tus qauv) |
Crevice Corrosion Resistance |
Pom zoo Service |
|
SS304/1.4301 |
~18 |
Tsawg |
Dej dav dav, tsis yog -chloride |
|
SS316L / 1.4404 |
~25 |
Nruab nrab |
Cov tshuaj chloride,<50 ppm Cl⁻ |
|
904L / 1.4539 |
~35 |
Siab |
Aggressive acid / dej hiav txwv |
|
Duplex 2205 / 1.4462 |
~35 |
Siab + Siab zog |
Offshore / seawater txhaj tshuaj |
|
Super Duplex 2507 / 1.4410 |
~43 |
Siab heev |
Subsea / chlorine txheej txheem |
2.3 Tiag tiag -Lub Ntiaj Teb Failure Case
A 2019 tsis ua hauj lwm tsom xam luam tawm nyob rau hauvEngineering Failure Analysis(ScienceDirect, doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.104297) tau sau cov ntaub ntawv stainless hlau qhov (socket) weld flange rau cov kev pab cuam dej hiav txwv sab ntug dej hiav txwv uas ua tsis tiav los ntawm crevice-induced microbiological corrosion (MIC). Cov khoom siv flange yog super duplex UNS S32760 - nrog PREN ntawm 40+ - thiab nws cov khoom sib xyaw thiab microstructure tau lees paub tias tsim nyog los ntawm ASTM A182 tus qauv. Qhov kev ua tsis tiav tau pib tsis yog los ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj peev xwm tab sis los ntawm qhov crevice geometry nws tus kheej, uas tsim kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo rau sulfate- txo cov kab mob. Txoj kev tshawb no xaus lus tias txawm tias siab heev - alloy stainless hlau yog raug rau crevice MIC thaum lub sib koom geometry yog inherently crevice - forming.
Engineering cuam tshuam:Kev txhim kho khoom siv ib leeg tsis txaus rau cov kev pabcuam nruj tshaj plaws. Thaum cov kua dej muaj sulfate-txo cov kab mob (SRB), halides siab dua 1000 ppm, lossis cuam tshuam nrog cov dej hiav txwv stagnation, rov xav txog seb lub qhov (socket weld geometry) - tsis hais cov alloy - puas tsim nyog. Weld caj dab flanges nrog taub qab -weld pob qij txha tshem tawm cov crevice nkaus.
Technical Specifications & International Standards
3.1 Dimensional Specifications
|
Parameter |
Tus nqi / Ntau |
|
Qhov Loj |
NPS 1/2 "mus rau NPS 4" (DN15-DN100) |
|
Qib Siab |
Chav Kawm 150 / 300 / 600 / 900 / 1500 (tsis yog Chav Kawm 2500) |
|
Kev ntsuas siab |
PN6 / PN10 / PN16 / PN25 / PN40 / PN63 / PN100 |
|
Expansion Gap |
1.6 hli (1/16 ") rau ASME B31.1 / B31.3 |
|
Qhov (socket) qhov tob |
Feem ntau 1.25 × yeeb nkab phab ntsa thickness |
|
Hom ntsej muag |
Raised ntsej muag (RF), Lub ntsej muag tiaj tus (FF), Lub nplhaib hom Joint (RTJ) |
|
Tsa ntsej muag siab |
1/16 "rau Chav Kawm<400 lb; 1/4" for Class 400 lb and above |
|
NDT Method |
MPI (Magnetic Particle) lossis LPI (Dye Penetrant); RT tsis ua haujlwm |
|
Max pom zoo Size |
NPS 1-1/2" rau kev pab cuam cyclic / siab nkees |
3.2 International Standard Comparison
|
Txuj |
Thaj tsam |
Qhov txawv tseem ceeb |
Official Link |
|
ASME B16.5-2017 |
Teb Chaws Asmeskas / Ntiaj Teb Roj & Roj |
Chav Kawm 150–2500; SW tsis nyob hauv chav kawm 2500 |
https://www.asme.org/codes-standards/find-codes-standards/b16-5-pipe-flanges-flanged-fittings |
|
TS EN 1092-1: 2018 |
Europe / EU Projects |
PN6-PN100; metric qhov ntev; Ntaus 03=SW |
https://www.en-standard.eu/bs-en-1092-1 |
|
DIN 2501 / DIN 2543 Cov |
Lub teb chaws Yelemees / Central Europe |
Ua ntej rau EN 1092-1; tseem hais nyob rau hauv legacy tej yaam num |
https://www.din.de |
|
JIS B2220: 2012 |
Nyiv/SE Asia |
5K-63K cov chav kawm siab; SW=qhov (socket) weld type |
https://www.jisc.go.jp |
|
SAB / SANS 1123: 2017 |
South Africa / Sub-Saharan Africa |
Table 600/3 rau Table 4000/3; zoo ib yam li BS 4504 |
https://store.sabs.co.za |
|
GOST 12820/12821 |
Russia / CIS |
PN6-PN160; SW flanges rau GOST 16038 |
https://www.gostinfo.ru |
|
2129: 2000 Nws |
Australia / Pacific |
Tables A rau T; metric; sw hom rau lub rooj xaiv |
https://www.standards.org.au |
|
ASTM A182/A182M |
Ntiaj teb no (material standard) |
F304 / F316 / F316L / F51 / F53 forged qib rau tag nrho cov flanges |
https://www.astm.org/a0182_a0182m-23.html |
Lub 5-kauj ruam kev txiav txim siab lub moj khaum
Tsis yog sau cov khoom thiab tawm hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab xaiv rau tus nyeem ntawv, ntu no muab cov txheej txheem tsib - kauj ruam uas tsom iav yuav ua li cas tus kws tsim cov kav dej yuav tsum mus txog qhov kev txiav txim siab seb puas yuav qhia lub qhov (socket weld yeeb nkab flange) rau daim ntawv thov.
Kauj ruam 1 - Kos Pipe Size
Lub qhov (socket) vuam pob qij txha yog txhais rau NPS 1/2 "rau NPS 4" nyob rau hauv ASME B16.5. Saum toj no NPS 4", lub geometry dhau los ua tus nqi-tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau lub caj dab weld thiab tsis suav nrog cov qauv loj. Rau Chav Kawm 1500 kev pabcuam, qhov kev txwv siab tshaj plaws yog NPS 2-1/2". Rau cov kev pabcuam tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, chav rauj, lub twj tso kua mis reciprocating), txwv rau NPS 1-1/2 "tsis hais txog ntawm chav kawm siab. Yog tias koj cov yeeb nkab siab tshaj NPS 1-1/2" thiab cov kev pabcuam yog cyclic - qhia lub caj dab weld.
Kauj Ruam 2 - Qhia cov kua dej
|
Qeb kua dej |
Crevice Corrosion Risk |
SW Flange Tso cai? |
|
Cov dej huv, chav dej, tsis yog - roj corrosive |
Tsawg |
Yog - SS304/316 txais tau |
|
Cov txheej txheem dej, me ntsis acids,<100 ppm Cl⁻ |
Nruab nrab |
Yog - qhia SS316L yam tsawg kawg nkaus |
|
Seawater, chlorine compounds, >500 ppm Cl⁻ |
Siab |
Ceeb toom - duplex 2205/2507 los yog xav txog WN |
|
Radioactive kua, hnyav corrosive |
Siab heev |
Tsis pom zoo - siv pob tw weld (ASME B31.3 para. 311.2.4) |
|
Biological/SRB-cov kua dej tsis zoo |
Siab heev |
Tsis pom zoo - MIC pheej hmoo txawm nyob rau hauv duplex alloys |
Kauj ruam 3 - Paub meej tias Chav Kawm Siab & Kub
Hla -kev siv lub siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias tiv thaiv ASME B16.5 Table 2-1.1 (rau austenitic stainless) lossis EN 1092-1 PN ratings. Nco ntsoov tias qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas siab txo qis ntawm qhov kub siab. SS316L ntawm 200℃muaj kwv yees li 65% ntawm nws qhov kev ntsuas ambient. Qhov (socket) weld flanges tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ASME Class 2500 - yog tias koj cov txheej txheem xav tau Chav Kawm 2500, qhia meej weld caj dab.
Kauj Ruam 4 - Ntsuas Cov Kev Ntsuas Xyuas
Vim hais tias cov fillet weld geometry tiv thaiv kev kuaj hluav taws xob (RT), cov pob qij txha pob txha raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov khoom sib nqus (MPI) lossis dye penetrant (LPI). Yog tias koj qhov project specification xav tau 100% RT ntawm tag nrho cov welds - feem ntau nyob rau hauv Qeb M kua kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv ASME B31.3, nuclear, los yog offshore Class 1 piping - socket weld yog tsis tso cai. Qhia weld caj dab nrog pob tw weld txuas.
Kauj Ruam 5 - Tshawb xyuas Cov Khoom Siv & Kev Kho Ntog Tom Qab- Weld
Tom qab vuam, lub tshav kub- cuam tshuam cheeb tsam (HAZ) poob nws cov txheej txheem chromium oxide passive. Rau SS304/316 qib, ncej-weld pickling thiab passivation ib ASTM A380 / ASTM A967 rov ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Rau cov qib duplex, kev tswj cov cua sov (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.5 kJ / mm) thiab qhov kub sib txawv (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 150 degree) yog qhov tseem ceeb los tswj cov theem austenite / ferrite. Thov kev lees paub tias cov txheej txheem vuam tshwj xeeb (WPS) npog cov kev txwv no.
Kev Txhim Kho Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws - Tiv thaiv qhov sib txawv ntawm 1.6mm
5.1 Installation Sequence
Cov kab lus hauv qab no siv rau txhua qhov stainless hlau qhov (socket) vuam yeeb nkab flanges rau ASME B31.1 thiab ASME B31.3:
|
Kauj ruam |
Kev ua |
Critical Check 关键检在项 |
|
1 |
Deburr yeeb nkab kawg - tshem tawm tag nrho cov nplai, burrs, roj hauv 50 hli ntawm qhov kawg txiav |
Nto tiav Ra Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 3.2 μm |
|
2 |
Ntxig cov yeeb nkab kom txog thaum nws tiv nrog lub qhov (socket) xub pwg |
Paub meej tias kev sib cuag tag nrho los ntawm kev xav |
|
3 |
Retract yeeb nkab 1.6 hli (1/16 ") los tsim qhov sib txawv |
Ntsuas nrog feeler gauge |
|
4 |
Siv 2-3 tack welds ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug los tuav txoj haujlwm |
Gap khaws cia tom qab tack |
|
5 |
Preheat if required: duplex grades require 20°C min; avoid preheat >50℃rau austenitic |
Interpass kub Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 150℃rau duplex |
|
6 |
Ua tiav nruam fillet weld; ceg loj Ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 1.4 × yeeb nkab phab ntsa thickness |
Tag nrho fusion ntawm hauv paus - tsis muaj undercut |
|
7 |
Ncej -weld: pickle thiab passivate SS qib ib ASTM A380/A967 |
Txheeb xyuas cov zaj duab xis passive los ntawm kev xeem |
|
8 |
Tshawb xyuas los ntawm MPI lossis DPI; hydrotest ntawm 1.5 × tsim siab |
Zero leakage |
5.2 Peb qhov yuam kev feem ntau hauv teb
yuam kev 1 - Omitting qhov sib txawv:Welders nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm siab feem ntau hla cov kauj ruam retraction. Qhov no yog ib qho ua rau ntau zaus ntawm kev tshaj tawm - kev txhim kho tawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv siab - qhov chaw ua haujlwm kub. Qhov sib txawv tsis yog xaiv tau - nws yog txoj cai raws li ASME B31.1 thiab B31.3.
Kev ua yuam kev 2 - Tsis tshua muaj fillet weld:Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus fillet weld ceg loj yog 1.4 × yeeb nkab phab ntsa thickness, tsis yog cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa thickness nws tus kheej. Undersized welds txo lub neej qaug zog los ntawm 30-50% thiab yog ib qho kev tshawb pom hauv kev soj ntsuam tsis ua haujlwm.
yuam kev 3 - Tsis muaj ncej-weld nto kho:Vuam discolors stainless hlau thiab ua puas lub passive txheej. Tawm tshav kub rau ntawm qhov vuam thiab HAZ ntawm stainless flanges hauv kev pabcuam corrosive yog qhov ua haujlwm sib npaug rau kev txhim kho cov khoom tsis raug. Pickling + passivation rau ASTM A380 rov ua kom tag nrho corrosion kuj.
Thaum tsis siv lub qhov (socket) Weld Pipe Flange
Tshooj lus no tseem ceeb npaum li cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb. Tus nqi engineering ntawm phau ntawv qhia tsis yog tsuas yog qhia koj thaum twg siv cov khoom, tab sis hauv kev qhia meej txog nws cov kev txwv.
|
Qhov xwm txheej |
Yog vim li cas |
Pom zoo lwm txoj kev |
|
NPS > 4" (DN100+) |
Tsis them los ntawm B16.5; tus nqi tsis zoo- ua haujlwm tau zoo |
Slip-On lossis Weld Neck |
|
ASME Class 2500 kev pabcuam |
Tsis tau teev nyob rau hauv B16.5 Chav Kawm 2500 |
Weld Neck nkaus xwb |
|
100% RT weld soj ntsuam yuav tsum tau |
Fillet weld geometry tiv thaiv radiography |
Weld Neck (lub taub qab vuam, RT- tau) |
|
Radioactive / nuclear piping |
ASME B31.3 txwv + crevice contamination txaus ntshai |
Weld Neck nrog tag nrho nkag mus pob tw weld |
|
Kev pabcuam hnyav crevice corrosion |
Crevice geometry yog nyob rau hauv SW tsim |
Weld Neck (tshem tawm qhov crevice) |
|
SRB-cov kua dej tsis zoo |
MIC pheej hmoo txawm nyob hauv siab -PREN alloys |
Weld Neck + kev kho mob biocide |
|
Cryogenic kev pabcuam hauv qab -196 degree |
Tsawg-temp toughness ntawm lub qhov (socket geometry) xav tau kev kuaj tshwj xeeb |
Weld Neck, ASTM A182 F316L nrog Charpy xeem |
FAQ
Q: Vim li cas 1/16-nti nthuav dav qhov sib txawv yuav tsum tau ua, thiab yuav ua li cas yog tias nws raug tshem tawm?
A: Qhov sib txawv them rau axial thermal expansion ntawm cov yeeb nkab hlau thaum vuam. Yog tsis muaj nws, cov yeeb nkab hu rau lub qhov (socket) lub xub pwg nyob rau hauv compressive load raws li lub weld cools, xauv nyob rau hauv residual tensile kev nyuaj siab. Nyob rau hauv siab - kub los yog kev pabcuam cyclic, qhov kev ntxhov siab no pib qaug zog tawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab - mus rau - qhov chaw tiv tauj. Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv ASME B31.1 para. 127.3 thiab ASME B31.3 para. 311.2.4.
Q: Lub qhov (socket) weld flanges puas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov tshuab dej hiav txwv stainless?
A: Nrog ceev faj. Lub hauv paus crevice ntawm cov yeeb nkab kawg thiab lub xub pwg nyom tsim cov xwm txheej rau crevice corrosion thiab MIC hauv dej hiav txwv. Yog tias qhov kev pabcuam tseem ceeb, qhia meej duplex 2205 (yam tsawg kawg PREN 35) lossis super duplex 2507 (PREN 43), xyuas kom tom qab-weld pickling thiab passivation, thiab xav txog kev kho biocide yog tias muaj peev xwm ua tau. Rau cov chav kawm sab nrauv los yog DNV- cov nkoj cais, kev siv lub qhov (socket weld joints) hauv seawater systems yuav tsum muaj kev ncaj ncees engineering ncaj ncees - ntau lub tuam txhab cov kav dej cov qauv txwv tsis pub nws tawm.
Q: Dab tsi yog qhov siab tshaj plaws rau lub qhov (socket) vuam flange hauv SS316L?
A: Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (~ 38 degree), ASME B16.5 Chav Kawm 300 hauv Pawg 2.3 (316/316L) yog ntsuas ntawm 51.1 bar (740 psi). Chav kawm 600 ntawm tib qhov kub yog ntsuas ntawm 102.1 bar (1480 psi). Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm 200 degree, kev ntsuam xyuas poob mus rau kwv yees li 63% ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no rau qib austenitic vim txo qis zog. Nco ntsoov sab laj ASME B16.5 Table 2-1.1 rau cov khoom siv pes tsawg thiab kev ua haujlwm kub.
Q: Puas yog lub sijhawm ua yeeb yaj kiab puas cuam tshuam rau lub qhov (socket) weld flange xaiv?
A: Yog, indirectly. ASME B16.5 txhais lub qhov (socket) ua ntej rau Chav Kawm 150 (Standard Wall) thiab Chav Kawm 300 (Standard Wall). Rau Chav Kawm 600 thiab saum toj no, tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum qhia lub sijhawm cov yeeb nkab vim tias lub qhov (socket) bore yuav tsum phim cov yeeb nkab OD thiab phab ntsa kom haum thiab vuam zoo. Yog tias koj cov yeeb nkab yog Sch 80S lossis hnyav dua, paub meej nrog cov chaw tsim khoom tias lub qhov (socket) haum rau koj qhov tshwj xeeb OD.
Q: Dab tsi NDT txoj kev siv tau rau lub qhov (socket) vuam flanges?
A: Radiographic Testing (RT) feem ntau yog siv tsis tau rau cov welds vim hais tias cov weld geometry tsis tso cai rau kev txhais zaj duab xis. Kev lees txais NDT txoj kev yog Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI/MT) thiab Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI/PT). Ultrasonic Testing (UT) tuaj yeem siv rau kev tshaj tawm - kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov duab geometry. Rau tej yaam num uas yuav tsum tau 100% volumetric ntsuam xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov welds, lub qhov (socket) weld pob qij txha tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj - qhia weld caj dab nrog pob tw welds.
Cov qauv siv raws li cov qauv & Cov peev txheej
ASME B31.1-2022: Fais Fab Piping (Socket Weld: para. 127.3)
ASME B31.3-2022: Txheej Txheem Piping (Socket Weld txwv: para. 311.2.4)